...Etienne G. Harb; Nohade Nasrallah; Rim El Khoury; Khaled Hussainey Purpose Lebanon has faced one of the most severe financial and economic crises since the end of 2019. The practices of the Lebanese banks are blamed for dangerously exposing economic agents and precipitating the current financial...

... presence, and non‐listed banks and those operating only in Lebanon. Research limitations/implications Further longitudinal and causal analyzes would shed more light on the importance and determinants of this phenomenon in small and developing economies. One obstacle to overcome in this endeavor...