... Internationalization ESG Environmental regulations ITCEO F21 International expansion enables firms to access growth opportunities and integrate advantageous resources globally, thereby serving as a key pathway to building and sustaining core competitiveness. However, owing to the liabilities...

...: H1A. There are positive effects of economic (earnings) growth on PE. F21 G15 Wang (2022) finds that removing restrictions on FDI tends to raise innovation and growth opportunities. They attribute this finding to increasing internal finance from foreign operations following...

... (Baumann et al. (2016)). Confucianism strongly influences culture and all aspects of life in China and countries in the East Asian cultural sphere. F10 F21 Outward foreign direct investment Institutional quality Confucius institute Foreign cultural exchange Heterogeneous effect...