... exclusion from the group, obscene gestures, physical harm (e.g. kicking, hitting), and verbal distress (e.g. yelling, spreading rumours). An imbalance of power between the bully(s) and victim(s) needs to exist in order to be classified as bullying (Dake et al., 2003). The section of the definition...

.... Additionally, the study examined bully, victim, bully-victim, and bystander identity as a moderating factor of experience of the term. Design/methodology/approach Research appears to seldom offer adolescents the opportunity to discuss bullying using qualitative methods within naturalistic environments...

... eight‐year‐olds and their teachers took part. Peer‐nominations (including self‐nominations) were obtained from five‐ and eight‐year‐olds for participant roles of aggressor, reinforcer, assistant, defender, outsider, passive and provocative victim; and similar nominations from their teachers. At both...