... consumption and production UN SDG 13: Climate action waste valorisation Cement production has a considerable environmental footprint, primarily due to its high consumption of raw materials and significant carbon dioxide (CO _{2) emissions. The manufacture of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) alone}...

... reactions energy reduction environmental impact hybrid material material characterisation material properties mechanical properties sustainable materials UN SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure UN SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production waste valorisation World population...

... © 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only cement cement-based composite materials cementitious materials co-calcination electromagnetic wave absorption environment heavy metals industrial wastes red mud rice husk waste...

... rights only blended cements carbonation rice husk ash waste valorisation t exposure time in accelerated carbonation environment k carbonation coefficient χ carbonation depth Carbon dioxide (CO _{2) emissions from fossil fuels}...

... 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved 2025 ettringite modelling mortars paste waste valorisation UN SDG 13: Climate action The environment can be significantly influenced by cement manufacture, which consumes large amounts of natural resources and generates huge...

... 02 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved 2024 chemical characterisation composite material mechanical properties mortar thermophysical properties Washingtonia robusta fibre waste valorisation The world population continues to grow year after year...

... fluorine-containing silicon residue hydration solid waste waste valorisation Fluorine-containing silicon residue (FSR) is a solid waste from the phosphoric acid industry (Zhong et al., 2019). In the process of phosphate ore decomposition by sulfuric acid and the extraction of phosphoric...

... Publishing Limited: All rights reserved 2023 calcium sulfate C₃S cement/cementitious materials cement paste waste valorisation Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of crude steel production that can contain up to 20 wt% alite (Ca₃SiO₅...

... and then coated with a layer of carbon (10 nm). The specimen was then properly to the sample holder and placed in the SEM chamber for examination. 01 04 2021 07 10 2022 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved 2022 aggregates alkali-activated cements durability microstructure waste...

... with relatively low CCS. 12 11 2021 12 11 2021 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved 2021 C3A high alumina cement waste valorisation Calcium aluminate cement (CAC), otherwise known as aluminous cement or high-alumina cement, consists of various calcium aluminates as the reactive...

... was quantified in the clinkers, except for the clinker with boron (SD3-OP_B), as discussed later. bauxite, clay residue Belterra Clay calcium-sulfoaluminate sulfate-based cements waste valorisation Cements base on calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) are considered to be an important and real...

... rights reserved 2021 characterisation techniques pozzolans waste valorisation An isothermal calorimeter (Calmetrix I-cal 2000) was used to measure the rate of hydration heat over 75 h at 25°C. Duplicate samples of each mixture were made and approximately 60 g of paste was placed...

... in a vacuumed container until microstructural characterisation. The reaction products were assessed through the following tests. 12 07 2020 29 01 2021 30 03 2021 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved 2021 calcined clays geopolymers waste valorisation National...

... specific energy requirements. 08 02 2017 04 05 2017 05 05 2017 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved 2017 clinkering/clinkering reactions special cements waste valorisation The major benefits of C S ¯ A cements primarily arise due to the presence...