.... The study empirically tests whether institutional investors are the primary contributors to these inquiries and examines whether their motivation reflects corporate governance oversight or information arbitrage behavior. Design/methodology/approach This study integrates large language models (LLMs...

...James Routledge Purpose This study explores the association between institutional investors’ stewardship activity, disclosed under Japan’s Stewardship Code, and the R&D investments of their investee companies. Design/methodology/approach Recognizing the pivotal role of R&D investment...