... the Qiqihar tied-arch bridge, a thermal conductivity model of the temperature field is established using the finite-element analysis method. The vertical temperature gradient model and its recommended value for a 100-year service life in alpine regions are determined. The model parameters are rigorously...

... limits curved bridges finite-element analysis finite-element modelling load distribution structural analysis B bridge width L centreline curved span length R radius of curvature R_c maximum reaction force obtained...