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The Thames Barrier is a massive engineering achievement that marked its 40th anniversary this year, having been officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 8 May 1984. It was built to protect Greater London from exceptionally high tides and storm surges, caused when a deep depression forms to the north of Scotland and progresses across the North Sea and south-easterly towards southern Scandinavia. The capital needed it. When surges coincide with a high spring tide, the high winds associated with the depression can funnel water up the Thames estuary and can cause the water to rise 3.6 m.

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