... empirical evidence for the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Southeast Asia, based on the Ecological Footprint (EF) index. The results from the threshold variable model are consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, showing that environmental quality declines...

... and to test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using the metric. Design/methodology/approach The current analysis employs a slack-based dynamic non-concave meta-frontier DEA model with output orientation such that the countries aim to maximize their good output GDP and minimize the bad...