...) Simultaneous equations model Granger causality MENA region F21 O53 O18 R42 C33 Transport infrastructure (TRI) is widely recognized as a cornerstone of economic development, particularly in emerging economies where structural bottlenecks persist. Efficient transport systems reduce...

... Income inequality Remittances MENA Political stability Pooled mean group Granger non-causality D31 O53 P16 C33 F24 The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region [1] possesses two-thirds of the world’s known petroleum reserves and has a prominent strategic and historical location...

...., 2022 ; Ben Romdhane et al., 2022). However, few attempts have been made to identify the complexity of the relationship between FDI and macroeconomic aggregates on the one hand and FDI and government responses on the other. E22 F21 I18 O53 COVID-19 Government interventions...

... empowerment Sustainable development goals CSD SAARC J16 J21 O10 O53 Information and communication technology (ICT) has been recognized as a vital indicator of women's empowerment. ICT encompasses all the devices, networking equipment, software programs, and systems that enable individuals...

... Al-Shammari can be contacted at: alshammari@cba.edu.kw Economics Competitive advantage F41 O53 C1 This study uses data for the period from 1980 to 2014 and applies time series econometric techniques such as unit root tests, cointegration test, VECM, and Impulse Response Function...