... equation modeling Scale development Pareto analysis In this information era, generating capital has become easier yet competition has become global, and ideas can be simulated rapidly and cost-effectively. Above all, employees have a little reluctance to job-hopping and in such a fluid situation...

... to researchers and organizations that aim to improve employee QWL while they enhance its effectiveness through reliable instruments. Originality/value The scale developed in this study contributes to the body of QWL literature in the healthcare arena. It may be beneficial to carry out further research...