...Jinshun Yan Purpose To obtain a high-quality finished product model, three-dimensional (3D) printing needs to be optimized. Design/methodology/approach Based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN), the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was improved for optimizing the parameters...

... provide a reliable basis for investment decision-making in the construction industry and also contribute to the further application of BP neural network in cost estimation. Cost estimation Back-propagation neural network Building cost Estimation model Influence factors In the construction...