.... Originality/value The theoretical framework developed endeavours to consolidate multi-faceted theories from varying disciplines on the components that comprise carbon trading in the built environment. Carbon emissions and energy use do occur at various stages in the life cycle of buildings (Mohebbi...

... study the combined effect of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four‐wave mixing (FWM) in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise generated by erbium‐doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Design/methodology/approach The paper presents analytical analysis of DWDM optical transmission...