... in the ultrafine grain refinement of microstructure. FSP uses the frictional heat and mechanical deformation for achieving the maximum performance using the low-cost tool; the production time is also very less. Originality/value 100 The speed with which the tool rotates in circular or counter circular...

.... Microstructural studies reveal that initial grains of aluminium wire undergo significant refinement and result in equiaxed and recrystallized grains in the square bar fabricated through FSBE method. The hardness tests show almost even distribution of hardness in the specimen, but hardness was lower than parent...