Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection process Source: Authors’ own work A study selection flowchart narrows 38 Scopus records to 17 studies included in the review through screening and exclusions. The flowchart begins with records identified through the Scopus database, n e... More about this image found in PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection process Source: Authors’ own...

Figure 2. Annual publication trends relating to AI-enabled innovation in construction SMEs Source: Authors’ own work A line graph tracks annual publications on A I and innovation in construction S M E s, rising from one in 2018 to seven in 2024. The line graph is titled Publication Trend on... More about this image found in Annual publication trends relating to AI-enabled innovation in construction...

Figure 3. Co-authorship network of research on AI-enabled innovation in construction SMEs Source: Authors’ own work A network diagram connects six labelled author nodes, with multiple curved links and a horizontal value scale. The network diagram contains six labelled nodes: ahmad shah, m.s... More about this image found in Co-authorship network of research on AI-enabled innovation in construction ...

Figure 4. Conceptual framework for AI-enabled innovation in construction SMEs Source: Authors’ own work A four-stage framework links A I enabled digital transformation, innovation, risk management, and organisational transformation in S M E. The framework contains four vertically arranged s... More about this image found in Conceptual framework for AI-enabled innovation in construction SMEs Sourc...

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the search strategy Source: Authors’ own work A flowchart presents four stages for selecting and analysing Malaysian construction O S H literature from Scopus. The flow begins with Stage 1, Identification, on construction O S H in Malaysia. Scopus is searched for t... More about this image found in Flow diagram of the search strategy Source: Authors’ own work A flowc...

Figure 2. Annual publications and citations Source: Authors’ own work A combined bar and line graph compares annual publications and citations across three research phases from 2006 to March 2026. The graph plots year from 2006 to March 2026, total publications from 0 to 35, and total citat... More about this image found in Annual publications and citations Source: Authors’ own work A combine...

Figure 3. Collaboration structure in Malaysian construction OSH research Source: Generated by the author(s) using BiblioSpy® ( Ahmi, 2026 ), (a) institutional collaboration network, (b) co-authorship network Two network diagrams present institutional collaboration and co-authorship relatio... More about this image found in Collaboration structure in Malaysian construction OSH research Source: ...

Figure 4. Thematic map based on author keywords Source: Generated by the author(s) using BiblioSpy® ( Ahmi, 2026 ) A thematic map plots construction O S H research themes by centrality and density across four development quadrants. The horizontal axis presents relevance degree, centrality, ... More about this image found in Thematic map based on author keywords Source: Generated by the author(s)...

Figure 1. Three-phase logic of the 5D fuzzy game-theoretic framework Source: Authors’ own work A 3-phase workflow combines uncertainty modelling, 5 D optimisation and automated decision intelligence to produce schedule, resource and site plans. The workflow contains 3 phases. Phase 1 is Unc... More about this image found in Three-phase logic of the 5D fuzzy game-theoretic framework Source: Autho...

Figure 2. 5D Pareto front scatter plot matrix Source: Authors’ own work A matrix of histograms and scatter plots compares Z 1 Time, Z 2 Cost, Z 3 Space, Z 4 Resources and Z 5 Quality across paired values. The matrix contains 5 variables: Z 1 Time, Z 2 Cost, Z 3 Space, Z 4 Resources and Z 5 ... More about this image found in 5D Pareto front scatter plot matrix Source: Authors’ own work A matri...

Figure 3. Parallel coordinates plot Source: Authors’ own work A parallel-coordinates chart compares Fastest, Cheapest, Best Quality, Balanced and Proposed solutions across 5 normalised project objectives. The parallel-coordinates chart compares solutions across Z 1 Time, Z 2 Cost, Z 3 Space... More about this image found in Parallel coordinates plot Source: Authors’ own work A parallel-coordi...

Figure 4. Monte Carlo validation of fuzzy model Source: Authors’ own work A 2-panel validation chart compares Monte Carlo simulation cumulative distributions with fuzzy estimates for project duration and cost. The chart contains 2 panels. Panel A presents duration validation. The horizontal... More about this image found in Monte Carlo validation of fuzzy model Source: Authors’ own work A 2-p...

Figure 1. Research process A research workflow progresses from literature review and study design through data collection and analysis to empirical findings, theory and recommendations. The workflow is organised into Literature, Design, Collection, Analysis and Output stages. It begins with a ... More about this image found in Research process A research workflow progresses from literature review a...