... have been compared with the findings of previous studies to demonstrate the accuracy of algorithms. Originality/value The present study explores the use of three optimization techniques, namely, hybrid genetic-particle swarm optimization, shuffled frog leaping algorithm techniques and ant colony...

... power with the increase in the system length shown in Figure 1 . Gurmeet Kaur can be contacted at: farishta02@yahoo.co.in © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2010 Electronic engineering Design and development Optimization techniques Optical communication equipment...