Sensitivity of concrete properties to compressive strength

Concrete is generally classified by compressive strength (CS) grade, which signifies the characteristic strength required. Other mechanical parameters of concrete are expressed in terms of the CS. Depending on design objectives, economic issues and available materials, normal-strength concrete, high-strength concrete (HSC) or ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) might be used in design and construction. Due to the non-linear nature of concrete, there is no proportional relation between properties of concrete, even in corresponding characteristics in different types of concrete. Although design codes and experimental investigations define different limits for HSC and UHSC and present relations for properties of various concrete classes, predicted values are sometimes significantly imprecise. This study broadly presents equations to estimate modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture for different CS classifications and validates them by comparing with empirical relations and international design codes' formulae.