Figure 1. Spray overtopping coastal defence from Torbay, UK (from De Chowdhury et al. (2023) , courtesy of D. Stewart and M. Wood, Torbay Council) Large waves crash over a sea wall onto a coastal road as cars drive through heavy rain and storm conditions. The coastal road runs alongside a sea wall as large waves crash over the barrier during severe storm conditions. Water sprays across the roadway and partially covers the pavement while cars with headlights on travel through heavy rain. Traffic lights, street lamps and roadside barriers line the wet road. Buildings and trees appear in the background under dark and misty weather conditions. More about this image found in Spray overtopping coastal defence from Torbay, UK (from De Chowdhury ...

Figure 1. Configurations and dimensions of three group specimens (unit: mm) An engineering illustration compares 3 timber connection configurations with dimensional drawings and assembled specimens. The engineering illustration presents 3 timber connection configurations labelled a, b, and c, ... More about this image found in Configurations and dimensions of three group specimens (unit: mm) An eng...

Figure 2. Experiment loading A technical setup and laboratory test arrangement for a timber joint specimen with loading and anchor components labelled A and B. The technical setup and laboratory test arrangement illustrate a timber joint specimen subjected to structural loading, labelled A and... More about this image found in Experiment loading A technical setup and laboratory test arrangement for...

Figure 3. Failure mode and fracture feature of single-bolt orthogonal parameter control group A set of timber joint failure images labelled A to E showing sheared, crushed, extended, cleavage, and bolt embedment damage. The set of timber joint failure images labelled A to E presents different ... More about this image found in Failure mode and fracture feature of single-bolt orthogonal parameter contr...

Figure 4. Failure mode and fracture of double-bolt orthogonal parameter control group A set of timber connection failures labelled A to G showing plug shear, embedment, cleavage cracks, crushing, extension, and sheared regions. The set of timber connection failure images labelled A to G presen... More about this image found in Failure mode and fracture of double-bolt orthogonal parameter control group...

Figure 5. Failure mode and fracture feature of group-bolt group A series of timber bolt failure images labelled A to E showing plug shear, R L cleavage, and incomplete crack extension. The series of timber bolt failure images labelled A to E presents progressive damage patterns in bolted timbe... More about this image found in Failure mode and fracture feature of group-bolt group A series of timber...

Figure 6. Comparative validation of load–displacement curves and numerical simulations for characteristic specimens A set of load-displacement graphs labelled A to J compares experimental and finite element timber joint models under different conditions. The set of load-displacement graphs lab... More about this image found in Comparative validation of load–displacement curves and numerical simulation...

Figure 7. Bilinear ontological relationships for timber foundation foundations A load-displacement graph showing idealised yielding behaviour with stiffness, yield load, and displacement parameters. The load-displacement graph depicts idealised yielding behaviour for a structural connection. T... More about this image found in Bilinear ontological relationships for timber foundation foundations A l...

Figure 8. CZM model ontology A fracture energy graph showing a triangular softening model with stiffness, critical stress, and displacement parameters. The fracture energy graph depicts a triangular softening relationship between stress and displacement. The y-axis represents f, and the x-ax... More about this image found in CZM model ontology A fracture energy graph showing a triangular softeni...

Figure 9. Overall three-dimensional model A set of timber connection models labelled A and B showing corrugated steel plates, bolts, C F R P reinforcement, and timber members. The set of timber connection models labelled A and B illustrates reinforced timber joint configurations with corrugate... More about this image found in Overall three-dimensional model A set of timber connection models labell...

Figure 10. Wooden foundation model An engineering illustration shows timber and wooden foundation connections in top and side sectional views. The engineering illustration contains 2 labelled sections, a and b, showing timber connected to a wooden foundation. Section a presents a top view of a... More about this image found in Wooden foundation model An engineering illustration shows timber and woo...

Figure 11. CZM model An engineering illustration shows 4 timber crack types and global cracking behaviour in structural members. The engineering illustration presents 4 labelled sections, a to d, showing crack development patterns in timber structural members. Section a illustrates a Type 1 ... More about this image found in CZM model An engineering illustration shows 4 timber crack types and gl...

Figure 12. Stress cloud diagrams of CSJ1-finite element analysis (FEA) A set of finite element stress contour plots shows stress distribution around damaged timber connection regions. The set of finite element stress contour plots presents 3 labelled sections, a to c, illustrating stress distr... More about this image found in Stress cloud diagrams of CSJ1-finite element analysis (FEA) A set of fin...

Figure 13. Stress cloud diagrams of CSJ14-FEA A set of finite element stress contour plots for timber joints with bolt and steel plate configurations labelled A to D. The set of finite element stress contour plots presents 4 groups labelled A, B, C, and D for timber joints reinforced with slot... More about this image found in Stress cloud diagrams of CSJ14-FEA A set of finite element stress contou...

Figure 14. Stress cloud diagrams of DP14-FEA A set of finite element stress contour plots for timber joints with 2 bolt connections and slotted steel plate reinforcement labelled A to D. The set of finite element stress contour plots presents 4 groups labelled A, B, C, and D for timber joints ... More about this image found in Stress cloud diagrams of DP14-FEA A set of finite element stress contour...

Figure 15. Stress cloud diagrams of C2-FEA A set of finite element stress contour plots for timber joints with 4 bolt connections and slotted steel plate reinforcement labelled A to D. The set of finite element stress contour plots presents 4 groups labelled A, B, C, and D for timber joints re... More about this image found in Stress cloud diagrams of C2-FEA A set of finite element stress contour p...

Figure 16. Circumferential CFRP reinforcement model A technical illustration and three-dimensional model of a timber joint with slotted-in Z-type steel plates and a bolt connection. The technical illustration and three-dimensional model show a timber joint reinforced with slotted-in Z-type s... More about this image found in Circumferential CFRP reinforcement model A technical illustration and ...