...%, the material exhibits optimal compressive and flexural strengths at all ages. Its 28-day compressive strength increases from 15.97 to 21.87 MPa, an improvement of 36.94%; and its flexural strength increases from 3.83 to 4.03 MPa, an improvement of 5.22%. An appropriate WPU amount, via polar groups like...

...), and T3 (7.5% biochar, 25% GGBFS, 7.5% gypsum), all with 60% sediment. Performance was assessed using unconfined compressive strength ( UCS ), X-ray diffraction ( XRD ), scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ), plant growth trials using Lolium perenne (ryegrass), and biochemical analyses. UCS...

.... This study evaluates the mechanical properties of a silty sand treated with XG, cement, and their combinations under varying moisture states and durability conditions. Tests such as compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and wet–dry durability were conducted. Results revealed decreasing dry densities...

... suspension, surface infiltration combined mixing, and pre-mixing. The performance of these methods was evaluated based on three key metrics: compressive strength, calcium carbonate content, and cementation solution utilisation efficiency. The pre-mixing method exhibited the highest measured compressive...

... saline water, on the compressive strength of soil–cement mixtures with 10% and 30% by weight cement content and cured for 7, 28, and 90 days. The results show that soil cement with highly saline water significantly enhances early-age strength, achieving the highest unconfined compressive strength...

... strength, rebound rate and microstructures. Plastic aggregate reduces slump, yet optimal PAM dosage enhances cement paste cohesion and uniform plastic particle distribution. While higher plastic content lowers compressive strength, PAM mitigates this by densifying the interfacial transition zone...

..., the effects of biochar content on MICP reinforcement effect were discussed by using calcareous sand with different particle sizes (0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm). The role of biochar in improving cementation uniformity and calcium carbonate deposition distribution was revealed by unconfined compressive strength...

... the evolution of unconfined compressive strength (q_u) and microstructural alterations in cement-stabilised silt under varying pore-water salinities (S₀ = 0%–4%) and curing temperatures (5°C, 25°C, 45°C). Mercury intrusion porosimetry revealed that increasing salinity from...

... ), mineral slag ( MS ), two desulfurisation by-products (DP-1 and DP-2), and a reduced amount of OPC . The optimal composition, determined by way of response surface methodology, was MS:SS:DP-1:DP-2:OPC = 40:20:15:5:20. The SWB-stabilised silt achieved unconfined compressive strengths ( UCS ) of 1.99 MPa...

... soil. Under this condition, the soil samples’ unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) generation reached the highest values. Moreover, its fracture development was also significantly improved. Microanalysis showed that calcium carbonate crystals...

... to influence the work reported in this paper. 08 02 2025 20 05 2025 © 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only compressive strength constitutive relations rocks rock mechanics temperature-related and thermal effects UN SDG 13...

... samples were evaluated for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tensile strength using a custom-designed measurement facility considering the number of freeze–thaw (F-T) cycles, loading rates, and curing duration. The double-punch test is shown to be effective in capturing samples’ brittle...

... in temperature, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and porosity of both dry and saturated granite monotonically increase, while the elastic modulus undergoes an increase–decrease transition and finally stabilises. At the same temperature, the UCS and elastic modulus of dry granite are generally greater than...

...-activated mortar targeting pavement applications was explored. As BR and PG alone proved to be ineffectual in developing geopolymer/alkali-activated mortar because of undesirably low compressive strength, the challenge lies in synthesis of alkali-activated mortar with high strength using a combination...

... comparable, confirming their engineering viability without modifications. Mound soils exhibited a twofold increase in unconfined compressive strength and a 33.9% increment in California Bearing Ratio strength. One-way analysis of variance tests confirmed these differences with p-value ranges...

... compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity (k) and leachate characteristics tests. As the GGBS percentage in the mix blend increased, the LL, FSI, optimum moisture content, k determined with deionised water/diesel oil contaminants and leachate concentration decreased, whereas...