Figure 1. Fibrous plaster ceilings and wads. (a, b) Decorated undersides of fibrous plaster ceilings in theatres. (c, d) Examples of shorter hessian and quadaxial fibre wads, respectively, in theatre roof spaces connected to secondary structural members and ceiling topsides. (e) New and aged wads. (f) Examples of longer wads. (g) Axonometric diagram of a fibrous plaster ceiling element attached to structural members with wads, wrapped around the timber beam, and attached to the ceiling topside with wires fed through timber lath reinforcement in the ceiling ((g) courtesy of Historic England, ( Stewart et al., 2019 )) A multi-panel set showing theatre ceiling views, damaged structural elements with residue, and a schematic of a suspended grid system. The multi-panel layout labelled A to G shows interior ceiling views of a theatre with decorative panels and lighting, followed by several panels showing damaged structural elements coated with white residue, including beams, pipes, and connections with visible cracking and surface buildup. Close-up views show deposits along joints and reinforcement. The final panel presents a schematic drawing of a suspended grid system with horizontal members supported by vertical rods and multiple hanging connections arranged in rows. More about this image found in Fibrous plaster ceilings and wads. (a, b) Decorated undersides of fibrous p...

Figure 2. Wads test specimens manufacture and experimental setup. (a) Schematic diagram of a typical wad specimen with approximate dimensions. (b) Timber frame schematic diagram forming the basis of wad specimen manufacture. (c) Using the timber frame to install the steel wire. (d) Twisting of the... More about this image found in Wads test specimens manufacture and experimental setup. (a) Schematic diagr...

Figure 3. Applying Aramid Gel™ to wad specimens. (a) Applicator spray gun with cartridge and connection to an air compressor at 85 psi. (b) Freshly sprayed wad specimens A two-panel set showing a spray device with labelled components and fabricated bone-shaped specimens with holes at the ends. ... More about this image found in Applying Aramid Gel™ to wad specimens. (a) Applicator spray gun with cartri...

Figure 4. (a–f) Force–displacement profiles for every test specimen within the six wad sample groups. (g–i) Typical force–displacement profile for each sample group. (Please refer to Table 2 for full details on the sample group name coding system.) A multi-panel set of force versus displaceme... More about this image found in (a–f) Force–displacement profiles for every test specimen within the six wa...

Figure 5. (a) Mean maximum force recorded for each sample group and (b) mean specimen weight for each sample group. Please refer to Table 2 for the sample group coding system. The error bars denote standard deviation, and the diamond markers denote the coefficient of variation within the sample ... More about this image found in (a) Mean maximum force recorded for each sample group and (b) mean specimen...

Figure 6. Failure of example wad specimens with displacements indicated. (a–e) Sample group B-H-W-AG. (f–j) Sample group B-H-NW-AG. The crack propagation zone ( CPZ ) of the crack, which ultimately caused specimen failure is indicated A multi-panel sequence showing progressive cracking and fail... More about this image found in Failure of example wad specimens with displacements indicated. (a–e) Sample...

Figure 7. Failure of example wad specimens with displacements indicated. (a–f) Sample group B-Q-W. (g–l) Sample group B-Q-NW. The crack propagation zone ( CPZ ) of the crack, which ultimately caused specimen failure is indicated A multi-panel sequence showing surface cracking, material shedding... More about this image found in Failure of example wad specimens with displacements indicated. (a–f) Sample...

Figure 8. Failure of example wad specimens with displacements indicated. (a–g) Sample group A-H-W. (h–l) Sample group A-Q-W. The crack propagation zone ( CPZ ) of the crack which ultimately caused specimen failure is indicated A multi-panel sequence showing crack initiation, propagation zones, ... More about this image found in Failure of example wad specimens with displacements indicated. (a–g) Sample...

Figure 9. X-ray computed tomography images of broken wad specimens and flexural test specimens. (a) Typical cross-section of wad specimen. (b) Steel wire (highlighted in green) looped around the end of a test specimen. (c) Cross-section of wad with wire. (d, f) Twisted steel wire unbroken in teste... More about this image found in X-ray computed tomography images of broken wad specimens and flexural test ...

Figure 1. Poisson surface reconstruction process A flowchart showing steps for octree construction and surface reconstruction. The flowchart shows a sequential process labelled 01 to 06 for surface reconstruction. Step 01 shows building an octree space. Step 02 shows setting the function space... More about this image found in Poisson surface reconstruction process A flowchart showing steps for oct...

Figure 2. Construction steps of a collaborative fusion framework for ancient architectural data based on multi-source data fusion A flow diagram showing point cloud processing steps arranged in a fishbone style layout. The flow diagram presents a sequential workflow labelled 01 to 06 arranged ... More about this image found in Construction steps of a collaborative fusion framework for ancient architec...

Figure 3. The impact area of FPFH calculation A schematic diagram showing a central point P i with connected neighbouring points P 1 to P 5 within a defined region and surrounding points P 6 to P 11 outside. More about this image found in The impact area of FPFH calculation A schematic diagram showing a cent...

Figure 4. Process diagram for constructing a reconstruction model of ancient architecture using multi-source data fusion and a point cloud registration algorithm A flow diagram showing point cloud acquisition, feature extraction, registration, and reconstruction workflow. The flow diagram show... More about this image found in Process diagram for constructing a reconstruction model of ancient architec...

Figure 5. The data fusion accuracy, model integrity, point error, and data processing time of four data fusion frameworks Two bar charts showing data fusion metrics and processing performance across four frameworks. The bar charts compare four frameworks labelled C F F M S D F, D F C I E R T, ... More about this image found in The data fusion accuracy, model integrity, point error, and data processing...

Figure 6. Performance comparison and analysis of ancient architecture data fusion framework Two graphs showing time efficiency and evaluation metrics across sampling rates and frameworks. The graphs compare performance trends for four frameworks labelled C F F M S D F, D F C I E R T, P T P C D... More about this image found in Performance comparison and analysis of ancient architecture data fusion fra...