... in conservation at the time (Carbonara, 1981). ICE Publishing: All rights reserved 2023 cathedrals concrete conservation First World War France reconstruction rehabilitation, reclamation & renovation shells temporary works The devastating and blind destruction, almost annihilation...

...Olga Arkhipkina, MSc As an attempt to solve the challenges of the Soviet fast-track industrialisation, full-walled timber shells remain, even today, a daring and unique answer to material shortage. The key role in their development was played by a young research unit – the timber laboratory...

...Eugen Brühwiler, PhD The Swiss shell pioneer Heinz Isler (1926–2009) fundamentally challenged established shell design methods by introducing original methods of form finding based on gravity. He realised elegant and pure shell forms in reinforced concrete, incarnating the perfect match...

...Maris Mändel, MA; Karl Õiger, PhD The roof of Tallinn seaplane hangars is among the first, remaining and still-preserved early large reinforced-concrete shells in the world. The hangars were constructed in 1916–1917 by the Danish company Christiani & Nielsen for Tsarist Russian military...