... β-convergence σ-convergence Stochastic convergence Club convergence An alternative approach to examining convergence that does not rely on any assumption with respect to unit roots/cointegration tests is the Phillips–Sul (2007 ; 2009) convergence approach. The Phillips–Sul...

..., any intervention in the labor markets of the Canadian provinces to control the provincial unemployment rate would have a temporary effect and these policies will not have a permanent influence on the unemployment rates. However, existence of β-convergence in the Canadian provinces shows...