... the Johansen’s co-integration analysis for time series. Findings The authors find a co-integration relationship between R&D and variables such as exports, military expenditure, patents, EU GDP per capita and USA GDP per capita. The authors also observed a stagnation in the foreseen R&D expenditure...

... modernization that is supposed to be driven by technology and knowledge. Thus, an up-to-date research on the factors of technology diffusion in the country is expected to be of high-valued contribution. Design/methodology/approach – It employs co-integration method to analyse the long run relations...

...Saeid Mahdavi Purpose This paper seeks to examine the validity of Wagner's Law using annual data (1957‐2006) for the US state‐local government (SLG) real expenditure and eight of its sub‐categories. Design/methodology/approach The co‐integration tests of Johansen and the bounds testing...