... 07 07 2026 12 07 2026 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Shadow economy Bank profitability System GMM MENA region Financial stability The second foundational channel is fiscal capacity. Multiple studies document...

... and entrenched patriarchal norms? To answer these questions, we analyze a panel dataset of 93 commercial banks across ten MENA countries over the period 2012–2024, drawing on Bloomberg ESG, Orbis BankFocus, and annual reports. We employ a two-step system GMM estimator (Blundell and Bond, 1998) to account...

... and domestic savings in Latin American countries. Unlike previous research, it employs a comprehensive set of financial, economic and demographic variables, using advanced panel data techniques (system GMM) to address endogeneity issues. The identification of a threshold level for financial depth offers...

... an improved version of the stochastic frontier model proposed by Karakaplan (2018), which can control the problem of endogeneity. Third, in quantifying the determinants of trade efficiency, the authors apply a system GMM estimator, which allows us to overcome the problems of endogeneity, measurement errors...

... the system GMM estimation. This method allows us to overcome the potential sample bias, omitted variable problems and endogeneity of explanatory variables. © Emerald Publishing Limited 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only F13 F14 F63 Over the last decades...

... FDI Terrorism Exports Imports Trade deficit Trade partners System GMM Pakistan F21 F40 H56 To align the domestic market with the changing pattern of the world economy and deeply integrate to the global supply chain, Pakistan adopted liberal market-oriented policies...

... productivity Skills System GMM Organization factors Addressing a large forum of NASSCOM (The National Association of Software and Services Companies), Mr. Modi, the Prime Minister of India, coined an inspiring phrase “I see Indian IT through different lenses. I believe in a formula...

... volatilities of the countries under investigation. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive data set for 71 countries covering the period from 1996 to 2012 and the System GMM approach were used. The choice of the methodology is to deal with endogeneity issues such as measurement errors, reverse...