...Zaid Aladwan Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the application of the fraud exception rule and try to analyze the different approaches in regard to the implication of fraud rule in letters of credit. Further, this paper tries to explore if there is an obstacle when applying...

...Zaid Aladwan Purpose This paper aims to analyse the status of the bank’s knowledge and the hardship related to the clear evidence requirement with regard to establish the fraud exception rule in English courts. Design/methodology/approach Traditional analysis method and critical legal thinking...