... economy Financial criminological theory Currency demand function Public expenditure Malaysia C22 E41 K42 O17 Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI), Malaysia for supporting this research through the Fundamental Research 2022-0070-106-02 The CDA’s methodology...

... spending and economic growth. The World Bank (2001) gave more attention to the phenomenon of corruption in 2001 and estimates that the cost of corruption is about 25% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the case of the Africa Union. O10 O11 O17 O55 Social Corruption Economic development...

... Licensed re-use rights only Poland Shadow economy Internet Online piracy Product counterfeiting H3 H26 O17 O34 Piracy proves to be one of the key segments of the shadow economy occurring in varying forms and concerning diverse consumer goods (e.g. luxury goods, clothing, footwear...