... of nontimber environmental services than mixed-species planted forests, especially when the timber species in them are exotic [1] , i.e. originated in other parts of the world (Paquette and Messier, 2010 ; Hua et al., 2022). Most countries are including plantations in their action plans...

... to support more informed deliberation of trade and other forest sector policies. The theory of externalities provides the framework for most of the literature on the environmental effects of trade policies. Runge (1993) and Binswanger (1991) argue that trade affects the environment through...