... al. 2025 M. Cai et al. Licensed re-use rights only Aging ratio Forest protection Gender difference Heterogeneity Underlying mechanisms Since the United Nations Framework on Climate Change proposed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions arising from deforestation and degradation...

... to synthetically consider the economic and ecological outputs of China’s forestry industry, and discuss its productive efficiency with a stochastic frontier model. Control and environmental variables are incorporated to capture heterogeneity in China’s forestry industry, which helps us get an unbiased estimation...

... to develop a model of wildfire suppression expenditures, providing new insights into the role of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in determining expenditures. Incorporating heterogeneity improves model fit and predictive ability over a model with data based on the point and time of fire ignition. The model...