Figure 1. Conceptual framework A flow diagram showing the relationship between determinants and financial inclusion indicators. The flow diagram contains determinants linked to financial inclusion indicators. Determinants include gender, age, education, income, employment, and location, urban ... More about this image found in Conceptual framework A flow diagram showing the relationship between det...

Figure 2. Formal financial services ownership A line graph presents account ownership, debit card ownership, and mobile money accounts by year. The line graph compares three financial inclusion measures across 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2021. Account ownership is 9 per cent in 2011, 10 per cent in ... More about this image found in Formal financial services ownership A line graph presents account owners...

Figure 3. Saving and borrowing behaviours Two line graphs present formal savings, formal borrowing, borrowing for health or medical purposes and borrowing from family or friends across 2014, 2017, and 2021. The first line graph compares formal savings and formal borrowing. Formal savings rise ... More about this image found in Saving and borrowing behaviours Two line graphs present formal savings, ...

Figure 4. Sources of emergency funds in 30 days (Findex-2021) A horizontal bar chart presents main sources of emergency funds in 30 days, with family or friends at 67 per cent. The horizontal bar chart presents main sources of emergency funds in 30 days. Family or friends is 67 per cent. Selli... More about this image found in Sources of emergency funds in 30 days (Findex-2021) A horizontal bar cha...

Figure 5. Barriers to account ownership in Afghanistan (Findex-2021) A horizontal bar chart presents barriers, with lack of money highest at 93.25 per cent. The horizontal bar chart presents barriers by yes percentage. Lack of money is 93.25 per cent. No need for services is 48.65 per cent. La... More about this image found in Barriers to account ownership in Afghanistan (Findex-2021) A horizontal ...

Figure 1. Plots of CUSUM and CUSUMQ A two-panel graph compares C U S U M and C U S U M of Squares against values from 15 to 24, with 5 per cent significance bounds. The two-panel graph plots values from 15 to 24 on both x-axes. The left panel shows C U S U M, with a y-axis from negative 10... More about this image found in Plots of CUSUM and CUSUMQ A two-panel graph compares C U S U M and C...

Figure 2. Margins plots A two-panel line graph plots d i f and d r i against quantiles 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75, with both values peaking at 0.5. The graph has two panels. Both panels use Quantile on the x-axis, with values 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75. The left panel plots d i f on the y-axis from about 0.... More about this image found in Margins plots A two-panel line graph plots d i f and d r i against quant...

Figure A1. Scatter plots of financial inclusion A scatter plot compares Financial Inclusion across quantiles from 0 to 1, with values rising and a fitted line increasing. The scatter plot uses Quantiles on the x-axis from 0 to 1 and Financial Inclusion on the y-axis from about negative 2 to 3.... More about this image found in Scatter plots of financial inclusion A scatter plot compares Financial I...

Figure 1. Comparing financial markets’ depth, access and efficiency in SSA and other regions Source: IMF FD Dataset (2023) A bar chart compares depth, access, and efficiency scores across 7 world regions. The chart compares Depth, Access, and Efficiency across World, East Asia and Pacifi... More about this image found in Comparing financial markets’ depth, access and efficiency in SSA and othe...

Figure 2. Comparing financial institutions’ depth, access and efficiency in SSA and other regions Source: IMF FD Dataset (2023) A bar chart compares depth, access, and efficiency scores across 7 regions, with the highest values for E U and the U S. The chart compares Depth, Access, and E... More about this image found in Comparing financial institutions’ depth, access and efficiency in SSA and...

Figure 3. Number of poor by region Source: PovcalNet (online analysis tool), World Bank, Washington, DC, Link to the cited article. . World Development Indicators; World Economic Outlook; Global Economic Prospects; Economist Intelligence Unit A stacked area chart shows global poverty decrea... More about this image found in Number of poor by region Source: PovcalNet (online analysis tool), World...

Figure 4. Comparing growth rate in SSA, China and India Source: World Bank A grouped bar chart compares average growth rates for China, India, and S S A across 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010, 2010 to 2019, and 1990 to 2019. The chart compares average growth rates in per cent for China, India, a... More about this image found in Comparing growth rate in SSA, China and India Source: World Bank A gr...

Figure 1. Parameter stability tests for the ARDL model Source(s): Authors’ own work Two line plots present C U S U M and C U S U M of squares trends against 5 per cent significance limits. The two line plots are labelled a and b. Plot a presents C U S U M from 10 to 24 on the horizontal a... More about this image found in Parameter stability tests for the ARDL model Source(s): Authors’ own w...