... countries in the Global South, the Nigerian public sector projects suffer from poor cost performance. Thus, this study aims to analyse the dynamics of construction cost escalation determinants and produced a conceptual system dynamic model that captures the intricate interactions among these determinants...

... quantitative models (representing 36% of the total articles). From the results, the modelling techniques identified were multi-objective grasshopper optimisation algorithm; system dynamics; interpretive structural modelling; multi-agent-based model; decision-support model; multi-objective chaotic sine cosine...

.... Design/methodology/approach To this aim, a qualitative system dynamics model was provided to visualize how various factors interact with one another. The model was developed and validated by drawing on the expertise of industry-related experts. The key causes and effects of the DDs were identified...