Figure 1. Studied frames and damage positions (dashed area) Note: B = bottom, T = top, C = central, E = external A structural grid schematic compares 3 resolution levels with L, H, n sub c, n sub s, n sub r comma c, H total, and L total labels. The structural grid schematic contains 3 panels ... More about this image found in Studied frames and damage positions (dashed area) Note: B = bottom, T = to...

Figure 2. Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour in studied frames with damage CB A log-scale graph plots P sub max L divided by sigma sub p t H squared against a divided by H for 2 by 2, 5 by 5, and 11 by 11 cases. The graph plots P sub max L divided by sigma sub p t H squared against... More about this image found in Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour in studied frames with damage ...

Figure 3. Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour (geometric-structural criterion) in studied frames with damage CB A graph compares fragility numbers against a divided by H for 5 by 5, 11 by 11, and 2 by 2 cases, with a ductile-brittle transition marked near 0.5. The graph plots fragil... More about this image found in Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour (geometric-structural criterio...

Figure 4. Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour (energy criterion for fracture) in studied frames with damage CB A graph compares fragility numbers against L crit divided by L for 5 by 5, 11 by 11, and 2 by 2 cases, with a ductile-brittle transition marked near 0.75. The graph plots f... More about this image found in Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour (energy criterion for fracture...

Figure 5. Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour (geometric-structural criterion against energy criterion for fracture) in studied frames with damage CB A graph compares fragility numbers with a divided by H and L crit divided by L for 2 by 2, 5 by 5, and 11 by 11 geometry and energy ca... More about this image found in Transition from ductile to brittle behaviour (geometric-structural criterio...

Figure 1. Location map of Obuse Town illustrating the Matsukawa River, its geographical context, and the proposed catchment area A map shows regional location with an inset highlighting a watershed and stream network, including boundaries, drainage lines, north arrow, and scale bar. More about this image found in Location map of Obuse Town illustrating the Matsukawa River, its geographic...

Figure 2. Left panel: hydrograph employed in the inundation analysis of the Matsukawa River. Right panel: computational domain of the IRIC model, showing river inflow points and drainage pump station locations A graph and map show discharge over time and study area with drainage and inflow lo... More about this image found in Left panel: hydrograph employed in the inundation analysis of the Matsukawa...

Figure 3. Comparison of inundation depths: (a) estimated maximum inundation depth from the prefectural hazard map (author-compiled), (b) simulated results from Model 1, and (c) simulated results from Model 2, illustrating differences in inundation patterns under varying modelling conditions Thr... More about this image found in Comparison of inundation depths: (a) estimated maximum inundation depth fro...

Figure 4. Comparison of temporal variations in inundation depth and inundated area: (a) estimated temporal changes derived from data provided by Nagano Prefecture (map prepared by the authors), (b) simulated temporal variations using Model 1, and (c) simulated temporal variations using Model 2 ... More about this image found in Comparison of temporal variations in inundation depth and inundated area: (...

Figure 5. Example of a simple correction applied to the downloaded digital elevation model ( DEM ) in areas where the elevation of the embankment sluice was inaccurately represented, causing drainage obstruction in the simulation Two panels show D E M surfaces where embankment disrupts drainage... More about this image found in Example of a simple correction applied to the downloaded digital elevation ...

Figure 6. Correlation between the maximum inundation depths derived from prefectural data and model simulation results from Models 1 and 2 A graph shows simulated versus prefectural maximum inundation depth for two models with reference line. The graph compares simulated maximum inundation dep... More about this image found in Correlation between the maximum inundation depths derived from prefectural ...

Figure 1. Study area location map for Srikakulam district A study area map shows the location of the site from India to Andhra Pradesh and Srikakulam district. The panel 1 shows India map with state boundaries and a highlighted Andhra Pradesh region marked as A P Output, with latitude from 10 ... More about this image found in Study area location map for Srikakulam district A study area map shows t...

Figure 2. Flowchart of data collection and preparation A flowchart shows data collection and preparation process using ARC G I S for thematic map generation. The flow begins with data collection and preparation using A R C G I S, where U S G S satellite images are processed into S R T M D E M ... More about this image found in Flowchart of data collection and preparation A flowchart shows data coll...