This study aims to explore demographic criminological and psychological correlates of psychopathy-related traits among incarcerated men in the Maldives highlighting patterns relevant to risk assessment and forensic practice.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among incarcerated men (n = 283) across all male correctional facilities in the Maldives between January and May 2025. Psychopathy was assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised, and participants also completed the General Health Questionnaire–12, the Modified Mini Screen and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test, together with structured criminological and demographic interviews. Regression analysis was done to examine multivariable associations between psychopathy scores and demographic, criminological and psychological variables.
Mean scores on the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised were below commonly used clinical cut off thresholds and lower than those typically reported in high-risk forensic samples, with lifestyle–antisocial traits (Factor 2) exceeding interpersonal–affective traits (Factor 1). Higher psychopathy scores were associated with more severe criminological patterns. Anxiety, depressive symptoms and psychotic-spectrum features were independently associated with PCL-R total scores and Factor 2 traits, while anxiety showed a modest association with Factor 1. The PCL-R demonstrated acceptable to good internal consistency and high inter-rater reliability in this sample.
This study informs forensic practice by highlighting how psychopathy-related traits intersect with mental health and substance use needs in custodial settings. The strong association between lifestyle–antisocial features, substance involvement and psychiatric symptoms suggests that psychopathy assessments should be integrated into broader, multidisciplinary case formulation rather than used in isolation. Routine screening for anxiety, depression, psychosis and substance misuse can help practitioners identify dynamic risk factors that are responsive to intervention. Findings support the use of targeted, needs-based treatment planning and culturally informed risk management strategies to improve institutional behavior and rehabilitation outcomes.
This study presents the first systematic examination of psychopathic traits within the Maldivian correctional system, highlighting how sociocultural features of a small, collectivist island context may shape their expression and interpretation.
