...Sören Henrich; Jane Ireland Purpose The eco-system of extremist violence (ES-EV) is a preliminary conceptual model to aid with the risk formulation of extremist violence. The approach complementing established risk assessments originated from clinicians’ need for guidance to navigate mental health...

... and dominance seeker. Notably, ideology was absent across cases. Practical implications This study introduces a preliminary eco-system of extremist violence model to assist risk management and clinical formulations. It also reintroduces the term “group-based violence” to destigmatise and better reflect risk...