...Julien Le Maux; Nadia Smaili Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore whether managers and firms engage in bundle manipulation. It examines the effect of discretionary accruals and real activities manipulation on the level of complexity in annual reports. Design/methodology/approach...

... and business strategies in decision-making. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a sample of 83 nonfinancial listed firms in ASE for the period from 2013 to 2019. Bankruptcy risk is measured using the Altman Z-score (1968). Accounting conservatism is measured using the accrual-based approach...

... on the interest rates charged on bank loans, implying that the cost of debt is measured by the ratio of the interest expense to interest-bearing debt. The research only uses earnings quality measures based on abnormal accruals. Practical implications The collected evidence suggests that earnings quality have...

... effective in predicting future cash flows than those based on USA-GAAP, and the predictive ability of the model is improved by adding the earnings accrual components to the operating cash flows. Originality/value – The study suggests that the Iranian accounting standard setting committee recommends...