Figure 1. Cyclic stress variations in the subsoils due to traffic loads ( Lekarp et al., 2000 ) Moving wheel load and corresponding stress components within a pavement element. The schematic illustrates a wheel moving across a pavement surface and the resulting stress state within a representative pavement element. Vertical normal stress, horizontal normal stress, and shear stress are shown acting on the element as the wheel load passes overhead. Time-history curves demonstrate the variation of stress components during loading, including vertical normal stress, horizontal normal stress, shear stress, and mean normal stress. The stress responses increase as the wheel approaches, reach peak values beneath the load, and decrease as the wheel moves away. The schematic demonstrates the transient stress conditions generated within pavement materials under moving traffic loads. More about this image found in Cyclic stress variations in the subsoils due to traffic loads ( Lekarp

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of multi-stage intermittent cyclic loading Intermittent cyclic loading programme under undrained and partially drained conditions. The schematic illustrates the loading programme used for cyclic triaxial testing. Following isotropic consolidation, specimens are... More about this image found in Schematic illustration of multi-stage intermittent cyclic loading Interm...

Figure 3. The development of axial strain of saturated soft clay under intermittent cyclic loading (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Accumulation of permanent strain during intermittent cyclic loading under partially drained conditions. The graph shows the evolution of permanent strain with time duri... More about this image found in The development of axial strain of saturated soft clay under intermittent c...

Figure 4. Evolution of excess pore water pressure under intermittent cyclic loading (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Evolution of excess pore water pressure during intermittent cyclic loading. The graph shows the variation of excess pore water pressure with time under partially drained conditions at... More about this image found in Evolution of excess pore water pressure under intermittent cyclic loading (...

Figure 5. Variations of accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading period under different loading frequencies (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading at different loading frequencies. The graph presents accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading under ... More about this image found in Variations of accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading period under d...

Figure 6. Variation of accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading period under different cyclic confining pressures (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading for different drainage parameters. The graph illustrates accumulated axial strain during cyclic load... More about this image found in Variation of accumulated axial strain during cyclic loading period under di...

Figure 7. Development of accumulated axial strain increment after intermittent period with different cyclic confining pressures: (a) undrained conditions and (b) partially drainage conditions (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Reduction in plastic strain with increasing loading stage number. The graph... More about this image found in Development of accumulated axial strain increment after intermittent period...

Figure 8. Development of accumulated axial strain increment after intermittent period with different loading frequencies: (a) undrained conditions and (b) partially drainage conditions (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Effect of loading frequency on plastic strain reduction across loading stages. The... More about this image found in Development of accumulated axial strain increment after intermittent period...

Figure 9. Development of excess pore water pressure during cyclic loading period with different loading frequencies (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Excess pore water pressure development at different loading frequencies. The graph illustrates excess pore water pressure generated during cyclic loadi... More about this image found in Development of excess pore water pressure during cyclic loading period with...

Figure 10. Development of excess pore water pressure during cyclic loading period with different cyclic confining pressures (CSR, cyclic stress ratio) Excess pore water pressure development during cyclic loading under partially drained conditions. The graphs present the evolution of excess por... More about this image found in Development of excess pore water pressure during cyclic loading period with...

Figure 11. Relationship between a and η Relationship between fitting parameter and drainage parameter under drained and undrained conditions. The graph compares the variation of a fitting parameter with the drainage parameter under undrained and partially drained conditions. Data points are presented for both drainage states together with fitted trend lines. The fitting parameter increases with increasing drainage parameter for both conditions. Partially drained conditions consistently exhibit higher values than undrained conditions across the investigated range. The fitted relationships indicate a systematic influence of drainage behaviour on the parameter governing the material response during cyclic loading. More about this image found in Relationship between a and η Relations...

Figure 12. Δε_p1,η/ Δε_p1,η=1/3 plotted against η Normalised plastic strain reduction with increasing drainage parameter. The graph presents the variation of normalised plastic strain with the drainage parameter relative to a reference condition. Results are shown for both undrained and partially drained conditions together with fitted trend lines. The normalised plastic strain decreases approximately linearly as the drainage parameter increases. Both drainage conditions follow a similar trend, indicating reduced permanent deformation with increasing drainage capacity. The relationship demonstrates that improved drainage conditions can effectively limit the accumulation of plastic strain during repeated loading. More about this image found in Δε_p1,η/ Δε...

Figure 13. Δε_p1,η=1.00 plotted against loading frequency Relationship between normalised plastic strain and loading frequency. The graph presents the relationship between normalised plastic strain and loading frequency under undrained and partially drained conditions. Data points for both drainage conditions are accompanied by fitted trend lines. Normalised plastic strain decreases as loading frequency increases, indicating reduced permanent deformation at higher frequencies. Undrained conditions exhibit consistently higher normalised plastic strain values than partially drained conditions across the investigated frequency range. The fitted trends demonstrate the influence of loading frequency and drainage behaviour on the accumulation of plastic deformation during cyclic loading. More about this image found in Δε_p1,η=1.00...

Figure 14. Comparison between measured results and predicted accumulated strain Comparison between predicted and measured accumulated axial strain. The graph compares predicted accumulated axial strain with measured accumulated axial strain using data from the present study and several publish... More about this image found in Comparison between measured results and predicted accumulated strain Com...

Figure 1. Location map of the unstable slopes studied along National Highway NH-03 in Himachal Pradesh, India Three maps show India, Himachal Pradesh, and the National Highway 03 study route with four cut-slope sections. The India map highlights Himachal Pradesh. The next map expands Himachal ... More about this image found in Location map of the unstable slopes studied along National Highway NH-03 in...

Figure 2. Map showing the study area falling in high to moderate annual rainfall conditions in Himachal Pradesh, India Map of Himachal Pradesh showing annual rainfall distribution, with rivers, a highway, and specific rainfall ranges indicated by a legend. The map presents annual rainfall acro... More about this image found in Map showing the study area falling in high to moderate annual rainfall cond...