...H. Khatami; A. Deng; M. Jaksa Arching effect in geomaterial refers to the stress redistribution as a result of induced displacements. It is most likely to occur in different situations such as retaining walls, piled foundations, tunnelling, and so on. The arching effects that occur in rubber–sand...

... culverts, due to the positive arching effect, the vertical stress at the edge is usually larger than the stress in the middle (Kawabata et al. 2006), and the distribution pattern tends to be parabolic (McGuigan and Valsangkar 2010 ; Abuhajar et al. 2015), as shown in Figure 3a . Thus...