... (PET) geogrids, wrapped around the facing and arranged in layers. The peak dynamic impact pressure is here calculated as the sum of a landslide velocity-related component and a static component dependent on landslide height. Dynamic analyses are carried out through the commercial Finite Differences...

... Geosynthetics Finite element Finite difference Reinforced embankment Geocomposite backfill Geosynthetic-reinforced segmental retaining walls/embankments are now accepted in practice as alternatives to conventional retaining structures. Their benefits include sound performance, aesthetic appearance...

... for numerical modeling verification purposes. A 2-D, explicit dynamic finite difference program was used to perform the analyses, with user-defined static/seismic constitutive models. The comparisons between the predicted results from the numerical models and the measured physical results from instrumented...

... constructed with a very stiff continuous facing panel. The numerical models were excited at the foundation elevation by a variable-amplitude harmonic motion with a frequency close to the fundamental frequency of the reference structure. The two-dimensional, explicit dynamic finite difference program Fast...

... is a hyperbolic function that represents the nonlinear shear stress-shear strain behaviour of the granular fill and the nonlinear reaction of the soft soil. The foundation model is derived using the nonlinear soil and spring models, and the iterative finite difference scheme that is used to solve the nonlinear...