... of geosynthetics to multi-stage actions and to single-stage actions. In this paper, it is suggested that the isochronous strain energy approach can be used to better interpret the load–strain–time behaviour of geosynthetics subject to multi-stage actions. Test data from sustained plus cyclic loading and sustained...

...) subject to single-stage actions is described in detail, with special consideration given to the determination of reference strengths, factors of safety or partial factors, and design strengths. It is shown that the recently developed isochronous strain energy (ISE) approach may be used to overcome...

... the isochronous strain energy (ISE) approach. The background to the ISE approach is set out and used to compare and correlate the data from various strength tests carried out on a wide range of geosynthetics. This shows that the isothermal load–strain–time behaviour of a geosynthetic can be represented...