... is very small compared to the maximum flow capacity of the pipe. This is important because the traditional method is not precise when the flow rate is small, and there are many applications (such as pipes used in leakage collection systems beneath a landfill liner) where liquid flows in a pipe...

...J.P. Giroud; B.A. Gross; R. Bonaparte; J.A. McKelvey This paper provides analytical and graphical solutions related to the flow of leachate in a leakage collection layer due to defects in the overlying liner (i.e. the primary liner of a double liner system). The defects are assumed to be small (e.g...