... stiffness of the reinforcement and the associated uncertainty in the magnitude of that value. The paper demonstrates how the factor of safety from deterministic past practice can be linked quantitatively to the reliability index used in contemporary probabilistic design. Finally, the paper demonstrates...

...-moment method (FOSM), point estimate method (PEM) and first-order reliability method (FORM). A parametric sensitivity analysis is presented to bring out the effect of uncertainties in the soil and reinforcement parameters on the value of the minimum reliability index for internal and external stability...