... directly affects displaced soil volume and the resulting stress–strain distributions (Hunt et al., 2023). In practice, DMT and KSB have flat-blade morphologies, while CPT features a conical tip and a cylindrical shaft. However, in two-dimensional (2D) modelling, the width at penetration...

...M. Martinelli; G. Remmerswaal; D. Reid The ‘state parameter’, which compares the current void ratio with the critical state void ratio, plays a crucial role in quantifying sandy soil behaviour. In situ methods, such as cone penetration tests (CPTs), can quantify the mechanical state of sand...