Anisotropic stiffness parameters and their measurement in a stiff natural clay

The framework of anisotropic elasticity has been used to develop relationships between various anisotropic stiffness parameters found in the literature. It is shown that they are functions of the two Young's moduli and two Poisson's ratios that describe a cross-anisotropic soil, but not of the independent shear modulus. Multiple drained triaxial stress path excursions have been performed on 100 mm dia. samples of natural Gault Clay from Madingley in a stress path cell. Anisotropic parameters at small strains along different stress paths are reported and compared. It is shown that there are some advantages in performing tests at constant vertical and constant horizontal effective stress. Horizontally mounted bender elements on the same trixial samples have enabled the two anisotropic elastic shear moduli to be measured. Combining results from both sets of tests has enabled all five independent cross-anisotropic elastic parameters to be estimated. The Gault Clay at Madingley is highly anisotropic, although the degree of anisotropy depends on the way it is defined.