Equivalent state theory for mixtures of sand with non-plastic fines: a DEM investigation

The discrete-element method (DEM) was used to simulate constant-volume (undrained) triaxial compression tests for coarse particles (sand) mixed with non-plastic fines. Simulations were performed on granular mixtures with a range of fines contents (f_c) – namely, 0, 0·05, 0·10 and 0·20. The critical state and micromechanical responses of these mixtures were evaluated. The influence of f_c on sand behaviour was captured when f_c < f_thre, where f_thre represents a threshold fines content, which corresponds to a transition from a fines-in-sand soil matrix to a sand-in-fines soil matrix. The DEM was utilised to assess the micromechanical participation of fines within the sand skeleton (matrix). Such evaluations led to assessing the performance of the equivalent granular void ratio (e*), the equivalent granular state parameter (ψ*) and ultimately their inherent parameter b, which represents the proportion of fines actively participating in the sand skeleton structure. It was observed that through capturing the stress partition of contact types within granular mixtures, a reasonable approximation of the active proportion of contacts within the sand matrix could be obtained. This led to a new DEM interpretation of the b parameter. The study therefore evaluated the concept and applicability of the equivalent state theory for sand–fines mixtures.