Behaviour of sand under the constant shear drained stress path: the role of fines

This paper presents a specifically designed experimental study aimed at exploring the role of fines in altering the behaviour of sand under a constant shear drained (CSD) stress path. The novelty of this study includes that the interplay of several key factors (fines shape, fines content, void ratio) was investigated systematically and the true constant shear stress condition was fulfilled by means of an advanced servo system, which allowed the entire loading response to be captured. One of the marked findings is that the presence of fines not only alters the onset of instability of loose sand but also affects the deformation development thereafter. Drained instability can be triggered more easily in loose sand mixed with silica fines compared with the sand on its own. At the same quantity of fines, instability can be triggered more easily for sand mixed with rounded fines. However, the effect of fines appears to be marginal for sand at a dense state. For all tested specimens, values of the axial strain rate at instability fall in a narrow range (0·008–0·016%/min), meaning that the axial strain rate can potentially be a useful guide for quantitatively determining the inception of instability under CSD conditions. The stress ratio q/p′ at onset of instability under the CSD conditions is also state dependent, as under the undrained conditions.