... tests micro-CT tomography strain strain localisation tunnelling and pipes X-ray tomography Fig. 1. Experimental set-up. Soil specimen placed inside scanning region. Pressure and volume monitored during expansion steps and scanning A Cartesian coordinate system is used in which...

... intersection angle pipe bursting relative pipe–soil stiffness soil–structure interaction tunnelling and pipes Static pipe bursting is a trenchless technique commonly used for laying new pipe or replacing existing underground pipe with new pipeline. Pipe bursting technology gained popularity...

... erosion models physical modelling pipes rigid pipes tunnelling and pipes One underlying cause of deterioration in tunnels and buried pipes is water infiltration, which can erode fine particles in the vicinity of defective segments and create voids in the ground, causing further settlement...