... and an X-ray micro-computed tomography instrument. The only water supply mechanism to the tested specimen is vapour transfer. The results indicate that considerable frost heave occurs in coarse-grained soil specimens with a zero fines content. The ratio of frost heave to the initial height can reach 13·8...

... of the capillary water was evaluated to be 0·956 m lower than the upper surface of the subgrade. In such a case, the potential of a water supply from groundwater causing mud pumping was excluded, and precipitation was confirmed to be the main source of water supply triggering mud pumping in the roadbed...