Green materials are widely used in many applications and are hence often called versatile. However, further exploration of this term ‘versatile’ is worthwhile for green materials. Not only does it mean versatile in terms of the breadth of novel chemistries to engineer materials for many high-value-added applications (versatile engineering ability), but it can also mean a very versatile green resource that can be refined or separated to supply many materials for a range of applications (versatile resource). In this edition of Green Materials we are exploring both types of versatility of green materials.
In the first paper1 we examine versatile engineering by the development of a biomass-derived alternative plasticiser (epoxy eleostearic acid catechol ester (EEAE)) for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) which shows promise to not only be an effective plasticiser for PVC, but also a safer alternative to current commercial PVC plasticisers, at least in terms of thermal stability.
In the review paper2 we examine the resource versatility of green materials, by examining the use of textile effluent treatment sludge in the construction industry. Of course, the importance of use of green materials in the construction industry is an extremely hot topic, with tighter green regulations and policies around the world. Specifically, this paper provides a critical review of the production of non-structural materials such as sustainable building blocks, clay bricks, mortar and paver blocks from textile effluent treatment plant (TETP) sludge and recommends optimum compositional ranges. Interesting findings also included that the usage of TETP sludge as an alternative raw material to cement, fine aggregate and clay in the construction industry is feasible without compromising quality and strength. Further work on the techno-economic feasibility of the products, thermal and energy building simulation, and holistic life-cycle assessment and end-of-life options of materials are suggested from the review.
The third paper3 examines engineering versatility of a high-performance and environment-friendly lubricant (Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.)) for a water-based drilling fluid lubricant. The viscosity coefficient of the mud cake is reduced, temperature resistance is increased, swelling of clay is inhibited and the slurry is compatible with other drilling fluid additives. Overall, the new green slurry shows high lubrication and anti-wear reduction performance.
The fourth paper4 examines engineering versatility of liquefying grape seeds into polyether polyols used in polyurethane foam production. Specifically, the study looks at different pretreatments and their effect on polyurethane foam (PUF) manufacture. Clear results showed that grape seed lignin-based polyols improved the thermal stability and increased the density of foams.
The final paper5 examines once again the engineering versatility of green biopolymer electrolytes based on iota-carrageenan (I-carrageenan). Maximum ionic conductivity is found at an optimal addition concentration, the magnitude of the dielectric constant was found to increase with the increase in temperature and a low relaxation time was observed for the sample that possesses the maximum ionic conductivity.
Finally, it is timely to remind you of the forthcoming Frontiers in Green Materials event (https://www.ice.org.uk/events/latest-events/frontiers-in-green-materials/) in January 2023. In summary it will provide a forum to discuss and inspire inter-disciplinary, innovative research based on reducing the use of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical and material products.
