... reducing the wages paid to employees or labour (LeBaron, 2015) and unfortunately, some of these practices have been institutionalised (Sokat and Altay, 2023 ; Hobbs, 2024 ; Olayiwola, 2024). Seemingly, modern slavery in supply chains is overlooked by the multi-national focal manufacturing firms because...

.... Findings The pandemic triggered supply disruptions, but did not significantly impact the productivity of manufacturing firms directly. However, supply disruption positively and significantly impacted productivity. Organisational productivity had no significant impact on customer satisfaction, however...