... and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at Link to the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence Religion Catholic church Technology Diffusion...

..., but to the subordination of religious institutions and resources to ascendant secular states. State-building took off, in both Protestant and Catholic countries, transforming governance and its methods. The expropriation of the Catholic church broke centuries-old patterns of landed wealth and taxation (Greengrass, 2014, p...

.... Figure 1 Distance to the Cluniac reform movement. © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Crusades Catholic Church Reform Movement Medieval Europe Christianization of war At the Council of Clermont in Southern France...