... to formal legal mechanisms such as poll taxes and literacy requirements. The first stage was associated with larger reductions in African American turnout than the second stage. We then document how state-level disenfranchisement impacted national politics, assessing changes in roll-call voting in the US...

... differentially across high and low public sector regions, leading to a larger decline in the turnout in the former. We link this differential decline in political participation to the Ottoman legacy of bureaucratic reforms as this effect is driven by those NUTS-3 regions that used to host Ottoman administrative...