This study validates a multidimensional framework of visitor experience quality in urban parks and examines how satisfaction mediates the relationships between experiential dimensions, perceived crowding and behavioural outcomes, including loyalty and pro-environmental behaviour.
Data were collected from 460 local residents visiting urban parks in Indonesia through on-site surveys. Using exploratory factor analysis and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), three experience dimensions – social-educational, sensory-aesthetic and service-facility – were identified and tested in terms of their direct and mediated effects.
All experience dimensions significantly enhanced satisfaction, which in turn predicted both loyalty and pro-environmental behaviour. Satisfaction also mediated the effects of experience quality and perceived crowding. Social-educational experience emerged as the strongest driver, while moderate crowding contributed positively when perceived as vibrant and socially engaging.
Park managers should prioritise interpretive, sensory and community-based programmes that integrate learning and emotional engagement, while managing rather than eliminating crowding through zoning and participatory design.
This study positions satisfaction as the central psychological mechanism linking multidimensional park experiences to loyalty and sustainability-oriented behaviour while reframing perceived crowding as a potential source of social vitality in urban green spaces.
